Meow Wars/Deleted Wikipedia article

{{Userspace draft|date=August 2011}}
The '''Meow Wars''' was an early example of a [[Flaming (Internet)|flame war]] sent over [[Usenet]] where several newsgroup posters posted a large number of nonsense messages, effectively swamping on-topic communication in the groups with unwanted off-topic messages. They represent an early example of a forum invasion. Meowers pioneered many disruptive techniques that have influenced the development of Web and other online forums.{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}} It also brought to light the weaknesses in early newsgroup servers.{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}}

It began when some [[Harvard University|Harvard]] students, who had "colonised" an abandoned newsgroup, {{code|alt.fan.karl-malden.nose}}, and were using it as a community newsgroup  for such posts as "who wants lunch at 1.00pm", decided "invading" another group, in this case {{code|alt.tv.beavis-n-butthead}}, would be a good idea. One of the students - who was actually using a Boston University address, since he was an alumnus - announced the plan on Usenet on January 9, 1996. The original '''Meowers''' were denizens of the {{code|alt.tv.beavis-n-butthead}} newsgroup, who responded to the "invasion" by adopting a "scorched earth" policy of rendering the {{code|alt.fan.karl-malden.nose}} newsgroup unusable.{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}}

The messages used in the battle with the Harvard students frequently contained the word "meow" and other feline references, all indirectly mocking a series of parodies of ''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]'' character [[Henrietta Pussycat]], after a post by a Harvard student that had referenced the character.<ref> [http://groups.google.co.uk/groups?q=group:alt.fan.karl-malden.nose+meow&start=0&scoring=d&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&safe=off&num=10&as_drrb=b&as_mind=1&as_minm=1&as_miny=1995&as_maxd=1&as_maxm=2&as_maxy=1996]</ref>.  These references were the reason for the "Meower" appellation.

Once the Harvard students abandoned <code>alt.fan.karl-malden.nose</code>, it became the Meowers' base of operations for what they called their "Usenet Performance Art". The Harvard students retreated to a private news server.

After taking over the [[newsgroup]] {{code|alt.fan.karl-malden.nose}} the Meowers decided to expand their campaign of operations, and spread throughout the [[Alt hierarchy|<code>alt.*</code> hierarchy]], to the so-called "[[Big 8 (Usenet)|Big 8]]" groups, and out to the wider [[Internet]]. The invasion and disruption of various groups lasted for over one year.

==The Meowers==
One distinctive hallmark of the Meowers' posting activity was the "[[Conversation threading|cascade]]", in this instance a large number of messages and replies posted in rapid succession, and typically spread among large numbers of newsgroups.

==Escalation==
As the Meowers spilled over into more newsgroups, some experienced Usenetters placed the word "meow" and names of commonly seen  Meowers into personal filters known as [[killfile]]s.  This would often lead to the practice of "morphing," where some Meowers repeatedly altered their message headers and text so their messages would bypass those filters. Some users attempted to engage the Meowers with threats, complaints or insults. In response, the Meowers used tools like [[DejaNews|Deja News]] to find the favorite newsgroups of Usenet posters who criticized them and invade those as well.

The Meowers did not restrict their activities to Usenet.  Since [[e-mail spam]] had not yet become a major problem, most Usenet posters generally still used their real [[electronic mail]] addresses when posting, and Meowers found it easy to flood mail accounts with thousands of nonsense messages, typically via [[anonymous remailer]]s. The mail messages were often constructed so that they appeared to originate from other people.  The mail systems at [[Boston University]] and other area colleges were rendered inoperable by one of these floods.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

Another Meower, or at least a willing co-conspirator of the Meowers, was Grillo the Clown, who insisted that his epic-length crosspostings of obscene surrealist rants were not only [[performance art]], but that they were protected by Grillo's right to [[free speech]]. Grillo also maintained that his gibberish was absolutely not off-topic to the subjects of the various newsgroups, and that his postings, however incomprehensible, were his heartfelt and valid statements regarding each of those topics.

In yet another series of incidents reported in news sources covering Usenet issues to be caused by Meowers (or, at least, to parties claiming to be such), floods of forged [[control message]]s (special posts used to create newsgroups, cancel individual usenet posts, and so on) caused the creation of hundreds of oddly-named newsgroups to appear at many locations. About this time, other Meower incidents included Fluffy the Cat—a parody<ref>[http://groups.google.co.uk/groups?hl=en&lr=&th=4605b606dc66a228 Google Groups<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> of a Harvard student's<ref>[http://groups.google.co.uk/groups?selm=4gbpuh%24re%40decaxp.harvard.edu] </ref> pet<ref>[http://groups.google.co.uk/groups?selm=4msakv%24mbf%40decaxp.HARVARD.EDU] </ref> and self-proclaimed owner of Usenet—announced the creation of news.admin.cascade.<ref>[http://groups.google.co.uk/groups?selm=54bf93%24mc6%40lex.zippo.com]</ref><ref>[http://groups.google.co.uk/groups?selm=Pine.SUN.3.95.961020115151.10298B-100000%40crl.crl.com] </ref> The control flood prompted some Usenet users to adopt [[digital signature]]s to verify the authenticity of such messages.

==Countermeasures==
Some Usenet posters added many of the Meower posters to their target lists, and demanded that Meowers' service providers disconnect them. The results of these measures were mixed, as not all servers accepted cancel messages and there were many servers (often inadvertently) open for posting if a Meower's regular access was terminated. Some Meowers also set up faked ISPs and used them to threaten those who filed abuse reports.

Stanley J. Kalisch III was one well-known "despammer" with the power to block posters from multiple Usenet servers.  Kalisch declared a limited form of [[Usenet Death Penalty]] (UDP) when he became offended by what he termed "spammed cascades."  He initially targeted several posting addresses,<ref>[http://groups.google.co.uk/groups?selm=Pine.SUN.3.95.970125010635.8228A-100000%40crl7.crl.com] </ref>followed by the first-ever UDP of a specific person, Raoul Xemblinosky (also known as Bufford L. Hatchett and other names).<ref>[http://groups.google.co.uk/groups?selm=5eol2p%24dh9%40crl.crl.com] </ref> Previously, UDP actions were reserved for servers.

Kalisch later declared UDPs on four other Meowers. Some Usenet posters criticized these bans, stating that the use of UDP violated a consensus that Usenet despammers should only UDP by originating server rather than by user.  As Usenet aged, and the morphing of e-mail addresses and de-facto [[screenname|handles]] evolved, Kalisch ran into technical obstacles in declaring UDPs against individuals.

Many Usenet administrators and users saw abuse of anonymous remailers and open news servers as a nuisance. In response to the activities of Meowers, some anonymous remailers were modified so that news posting was restricted, and many open servers were closed. These efforts would be redoubled later when spammers and other vandals began to mimic Meower tactics. The most notable of these vandals was [[Hipcrime (Usenet)|Hipcrime]], who flooded many groups with senseless posts constructed using a [[steganography]] filter.

Another development that helped to curb Meower activity was server-side article filtering. Limitations could be placed on combinations of newsgroups, posting rates, and other article characteristics. Unlike cancels, server-side filtering only affects the servers on which it is installed.
==Citations==
{{Reflist|3}}
==External links==
* [http://www.godhatesjanks.org/webcenter/meow.html The History of the Empire of Meow, by the 2-Belo] - An account of the Meow Wars from the perspective of the "Meow" faction.
* [http://member.newsguy.com/~shpxurnq/archive/raoul96.html Ron Schell's criticism of The One True History Of Meow] - Another account, more sympathetic to the students.
* [http://www.gwu.edu/~trivia/meow.html Another account of the Meow Wars, courtesy of Tim Young (Dartmouth '96, GWU Law '99)] - A relatively impartial but detailed chronological summary of the events.
* [http://member.newsguy.com/~shpxurnq Raoul Xemblinosky's home page] - A set of stories related to "Usenet Performance Art."

[[:Category:Internet trolling]]
[[:Category:Usenet]]